closed string การใช้

• Open and closed strings are generally associated with characteristic vibrational modes.
• Now you can easyly tell Open string from Closed string at last ."
• When the Riemann surfaces have empty boundary, they represent the worldsheets of closed strings.
• One of the vibration modes of a closed string can be identified as the graviton.
• The corresponding physical system has a nice description as a system of open and closed strings in ten dimensions.
• We already know what a ring singularity would look like and we know what a closed string would look like.
• The closed string A and B models only capture the so-called topological sector a small portion of the full string theory.
• Another special case, the closest string problem, arises when the inputs are strings and their distance is measured using Hamming distance.
• In superstring theory, the fermionic fields on the closed string may be either periodic or anti-periodic on the circle around the string.
• Because closed strings do not have to be attached to D-branes, gravitational effects could depend upon the extra dimensions orthogonal to the brane.
• The fate of the closed string tachyon in the 26-dimensional bosonic string theory remains unknown, though recent progress has revealed interesting new developments.
• These vertices and propagators produce a single cover of the moduli space of n-point closed string scattering amplitudes so no higher order vertices are required.
• The world sheet of an open string ( with loose ends ) is a strip; that of a closed string ( a loop ) is a volume.
• :: That's not correct, some theories posit that ( at least ) all bosons are closed strings ( e . g . photons ).
• A closed string, shaped like a loop, became an open, two-ended string when a chunk of it was bitten off by a D-brane.
• The discrete sum is a sum over possible topologies, which for euclidean bosonic orientable closed strings are compact orientable Riemannian surfaces and are thus identified by a genus h.
• :I seem to recall that there are many variants on string theory, some of which have closed strings ( loops ) and others of which have open strings.
• For example, in the bosonic closed string case, the worldsheet scattering diagrams naturally take a Feynman diagram-like form, being built from two ingredients, a propagator,
• The joiner built the stair as a closed string, with heavy, symmetrically-turned balusters set over a skirt board finished as an Ionic entablature complete with a pulvinated frieze.